Economics Practice Exam Questions

1. Â  A trade quota:is an explicit limit on the amount of exports of a good from a country.is an explicit limit on the amount of imports of a good into a country.is a tax only on exports.is a tax only on imports.2. Â  An import tariff:is an explicit limit on the amount of exports of a good from a country.is an explicit limit on the amount of imports of a good into a country.is a tax only on exports.is a tax only on imports.3. Â  While an import tariff on a good will both raise the domestic price of that good and its domestic production levels, a quota:will not raise the domestic price but will increase the amount of the good produced domestically.will raise the domestic price but will not increase the amount of the good produced domestically.will both raise the domestic price and increase the amount of the good produced domestically.will neither raise the domestic price nor increase the amount of the good produced domestically.4. Â  If the dollar price of the German mark increase s, then:the German Mark has appreciated while the U.S. dollar has depreciated.the German Mark has depreciated while the U.S. dollar has appreciated.both the German Mark and the U.S. dollar have depreciated.both the German Mark and the U.S. dollar have appreciated.5. Â  An exchange rate measures:the price at which one can exchange one good for another good.the price at which one can exchange one resource for another resource.the discounted price one received when returning defective goods for exchange.the price at which one can exchange one currency for another currency.6. Â  Consider the following two statements:The U.S. dollar will depreciate when U.S. Demand for foreign goods increases.The U.S. dollar will depreciate in the present if the public believes that the U.S. dollar will depreciate in the future.both statements are true.both statements are false.I is true while II is false.I is false while II is true.

Junk Food Vs Healthy Food Essay

Life today is not like how it was ahead. A long time ago, people ate foods that are really safe for their wellness. People also took in a bunch of time to prepare their own nutrients. So those people were not being impressed by the intellectual nourishment that they rusted, because all of the foods that they had were natural foods and healthy. Nowadays, most of people in the world are extremely busy. Thus, It’s no secret, that people don’t have time to cook at home. That’s why people prefer to eat foods that are easily cooked or ready cooked. Sometimes They do not think about what they eat, and if it can affect their health or not. Research has shown that the quality of eating that the human eats, affect his health. Foods can be classed into two types, healthy food and unhealthy (junk). see more:paragraph on junk food is bad for health Healthy food †¢Healthy food is very important to have a good life and a better communication. Also, it can lower your risk of developing a range of chronic. As an illustration, eating more fruit and vegetables can help lower blood pressure and may lower your risk of certain types of cancer (such as colorectal, breast, lung and prostate cancer. Also can help those people have some types of disease such as diabetes, high cholesterol and blood pressure. People those eats food which has vitamins, proteins, iron and other important nutrients, they will be free from diseases, and they can enjoy their life. Unfortunately, many people think that the healthy food is not affordable, taste bad, and cannot prepared quickly. However, that’s not true healthy food can be a reasonable price for example all the vegetables are affordable. Also most fruit are tastes good. In this Encouraged many investors to open restaurants in different types day’s most peoples’ awareness what is the best for their wellness. This that provides healthy food. For example: subway which is offered healthy fast food. Or sweet frog the store how think up with the new idea of a new kind of ice-cream that is frozen yogurt. Fast foods (junk) Junk food is an informal term for food that is of little nutritional value. Junk foods typically contain high levels of calories from sugar or fat with less protein, vitamins or minerals. Common junk foods include salted snack foods, gum, candy, sweet desserts, fried fast food, and soda. However, fast  food is one of the easiest and cheapest ways of eating. It saves a lot of time and money, especially for people who are coming home from work. Everyone should think twice before deciding to eat fast food. The health risks aren’t worth your life, and animals that live in slaughter houses aren’t treated properly or hygienically before their death, which can cause many food-borne illnesses to inhabit food. Although it is easy to buy and cheap, risking a life for something that isn’t good for any person in the first place could cost thousands of dollars in hospital bills. It is important to eat healthy and make good choices when deciding what to put in your body. Don ’t be lazy and pick up fast food on your way home from work. Make the right choice and eat some vegetables.

History of Communication Essay

The history of communication dates back to prehistory, with significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolving in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. Communication can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full conversations and mass communication. Human communication was revolutionized with speech approximately 100,000 years ago. Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago, and writing in the past few centuries. Petro glyphs The next step in the history of communications is petroglyphs, carvings into a rock surface. It took about 20,000 years for homo sapiens to move from the first cave paintings to the first petroglyphs, which are dated to around 10,000BC. It is possible that the humans of that time used some other forms of communication, often for mnemonic purposes – specially arranged stones, symbols carved in wood or earth, quipu-like ropes, tattoos, but little other than the most durable carved stones has survived to modern times and we can only speculate about their existence based on our observation of still existing ‘hunter-gatherer’ cultures such as those of Africa or Oceania. Pictograms A pictogram (pictograph) is a symbol representing a concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration. Pictography is a form of proto-writing whereby ideas are transmitted through drawing. Pictographs were the next step in the evolution of communication: the most important difference between petroglyphs and pictograms is that petroglyphs are simply showing an event, but pictograms are telling a story about the event, thus they can for example be ordered in chronological order. Pictograms were used by various ancient cultures all over the world since around 9000 BC, when tokens marked with simple pictures began to be used to label basic farm produce, and become increasingly popular around 6000-5000 BC. They were the basis of cuneiform and hieroglyphs, and began to develop into logographic writing systems around 5000 BC. Ideograms Pictograms, in turn, evolved into ideograms, graphical symbols that represent an idea. Their ancestors, the pictograms, could represent only something resembling their form: therefore a pictogram of a circle could represent a sun, but not concepts like ‘heat’, ‘light’, ‘day’ or ‘Great God of the Sun’. Ideograms, on the other hand, could convey more abstract concepts, so that for example an ideogram of two sticks can mean not only ‘legs’ but also a verb ‘to walk’. Because some ideas are universal, many different cultures developed similar ideograms. For example an eye with a tear means ‘sadness’ in Native Americanideograms in California, as it does for the Aztecs, the early Chinese and the Egyptians. Ideograms were precursors of logographic writing systems such as Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese characters. Examples of ideographical proto-writing systems, thought not to contain language-specific information, include the Vinca script (see also TÄÆ'rtÄÆ'ria tablets) and the early Indus script. In both cases there are claims of decipherment of linguistic content, without wide acceptance.

Course Work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course Work - Coursework Example Secondly, the entire summary has so many citation errors. For instance, Purdy v United Kingdom (2010) AC 45 was used instead of (on the application of Purdy) v DPP [2009] UKHL 45 [2010] AC 345. Moreover, the term article in law is supposed to be written with a capital letter. However, the summary had most of its â€Å"Articles† written in small letters. For instance, article 8 instead of Article8. Furthermore, there are interchanged words or rather statements in the text. For example, â€Å"judge Lord† is used severally in the entire summary. This is supposed to be written as â€Å"Lord Judge†; an acceptable statement. The entire summary is full of misused and confused tenses. For instance, â€Å"If you provided a defence to those who assisted someone to kill themselves then you would have to apply it to euthanasia as well as assisted suicide.† To correct this statement, one should focus on the use of words and the tenses that come along with them. Thus, t he statement should be written as â€Å"If you provide a defense to those who assisted someone to kill him or herself, then you should consider it euthanasia and assisted suicide.† The statement â€Å"European Court of human rights† is not written appropriately. It should be written as â€Å"European Court of Human Rights,† in line with the rules of law as well as grammar requirements. This text is full of grammar errors, this is just bet an example or rather a representation of the errors. Lastly, a year was not provided in a citation â€Å"Gross v Switserland and Purdy.† It should be written or rather cited as follows: Gross v Switzerland (A/30)(1979). Summary of R V Nicholson (2013) This case was brought by Nicholson together with other individuals to the Court of Appeal after the European court of Justice ruled against assisted suicide and euthanasia of which they were never satisfied with. The applicants were disadvantaged since they could not kill t hemselves. Thus, they proposed that others should kill them. However, Section 2 of the Suicide Act 2010 states that it is unlawful for persons to assist others to commit suicide and whoever assists will be charged with murder. Similarly, the FPP had provided guidance on how and when the murder assisters should be prosecuted. This advice came immediately after the case of Purdy v United Kingdom (2010). Therefore, the Court had to decide as to whether there is a defense to murder that is referred to as a necessity or not. In addition, the Court had to decide whether a cover for such cases is an interference with the Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1950 or not. This Act protects privacy of people. Lastly, the Court had to decide if the DPP is supposed to set out greater details as to how he would decide his discretion in prosecution cases of the kind. In this case, the European Court of Human Rights, in absence of the Lord Judge, declined to give a declaration that was requested for since it was not the responsibility of the Courts of Law to make decisions about this. Parliament is the only body with the powers to make such decisions. The issue was extremely controversial for the courts to deliver their rulings thus it was not a necessity. The court used the case of Bland to support their decision. Moreover, the court stated that the right to life is a fundamental according to the common law, under the European Act. There being no right to commit suicide, one will be prosecuted if he or she tries to. Furthermore, if you provide a substantial

The Asian Tiger Mosquito Dengue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Asian Tiger Mosquito Dengue - Essay Example Mosquitoes in general are widely known insects which are parasitic and transmit diseases among the human beings. Against this background, this essay seeks to critically review the diseases caused by mosquitoes particularly the denegue fever. The Asian Tiger Mosquitoes are distinctly shiny and they have black scales which have a silver white band down the middle of their back. This is regarded as a medium sized mosquito with about 2 to 3 millimeters in length. It appears as if it is wearing stripped black and white socks on its legs. According to Novak (1992), this type of mosquito is very aggressive during the daytime particularly early in the morning as well late afternoon. Between 10 in the morning and 3 in the afternoon, this mosquito is believed to be on its peak period of biting. As implied by the name, this type of mosquito originates from the continent of Asiain various areas such as New Guinea, India, Pakistan, Madagascar, China, Korea and Japan. Other recent studies have also indicated that this kind of mosquito specie is also found in the islands of Hawaii and South Pacific. There have also been studies which indicate that this specie also exists in the states of Delaware, Texas, New Jersey and Maryland. Habitat: The Asian Tiger Mosquitoes are commonly known to favour breeding in natural as well as artificial containers with stagnant water such as tree holes, tires, empty tins, flower pots, bottles and a lot of other disused household cans lying idle and trapping water. Life cycle: According to information obtained from IntroduceSpeciesWHSAPBio (N.D), the egg is the starting point in the life cycle of the Asian Tiger Mosquitoes. It can hatch between a period which is as early as four days to one year depending on the immersion of the eggs. Following the hatching of the eggs, most of the larvae live underwater and they feed on anything that is smaller than 10 microns that is found in the water. It takes 3 days to several

English - College Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English - College Literature - Essay Example The tone of despair and anger underlines a theme of hidden suffering, where people cover up their feelings, only expressing them in prayer, â€Å"We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries / To thee from tortured souls arise.† (1. 0-11). The speaker is not definable as male or female, young or old, but has a voice that could apply to many, as the poet shares the suffering experiences across a whole range of humanity, evidenced by the use of â€Å"we†. The metaphor of â€Å"the mask that grins and lies,† (l. 1) and the reason for using this protection, â€Å"Nay, let them only see us while / We wear the mask† (l. 8-9), signified how people may hurt inside for many reasons but want to hide the pain. It seemed to be a matter of pride, as in â€Å"why should the world be over-wise, / In counting all our tears and sighs?† (l. 6-7), to keep the suffering hidden. Dunbar was a child of slaves and he understood the suffering of slavery. But the concept of covering up our pain can apply to anyone; the mask is a symbol of the human need to protect itself. Often, at school or hanging out with friends, somebody can say something hurtful, maybe as a joke, so we smile or laugh in response, pretending not to be vulnerable and covering up our hurt. The poet expressed exactly how much we hurt and how the pretence can damage us. He makes us feel other’s pain and relate it to our own, and maybe realize that if we take off the mask, we could suffer less and become stronger. â€Å"Incident†, with the simple, repetitive rhythms of a child’s sung rhyme and point of view, gives a difference perspective on how people hurt each other. The boy speaker, most likely the poet, recalled a childhood memory with an ironic tone that suggests he had risen above that experience. Though the poem reads like a child telling a story, with true rhyme such as â€Å"glee† (l. 2) and â€Å"me† (l. 4), â€Å"bigger† (1. 6) and â€Å"nigger† (l. 8), its message is stark. The theme of racism and its

BusinessMGT Unit2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BusinessMGT Unit2 - Assignment Example It is essential that effective technique should be selected based on an organization’s resources and needs. All business techniques of planning are effective, if they are implemented in a proper way and time. Organizations should build an organizational culture suitable for the planning technique before executing it. The organization has to opt for the planning technique that is flexible and most suitable for its business type. Planning and leadership is managed according to the goals of the organization. Objectives provide the organization with the direction of planning and actions. The main characteristic of objectives and goals is that they should be specific; they should indicate what the company wants to achieve. The objectives must be according to the mission statement. They should be realistic, achievable and motivating (Crow, 2006) Nestle is the world’s largest and leading food company with factories operating in almost all continents. Nestle is thoroughly dedic ated to food; it remains concerned about the quality of food and any problem related to nutrition. The main objective of Nestle is â€Å"to be recognized as the world’s leader in Nutrition, Health and wellness, trusted by all its stakeholders and to be the reference for financial performance in its industry† (Nestle, 2011). It wants to provide people with a variety of food, as well as better food so that they can live a better life. The leadership and trust provides people with good and healthy life. Its slogan â€Å"Good Food, Good Life† defines the ambition of Nestle. Over the years, Nestle has been achieving its goals. The reason behind its success is that it has accomplished what it strived for. The business principles that Nestle has set, help the company in achieving its goals. The company manufactures and markets the products in such a way as to create value that can be maintained over the long term. Nestle values it consumers. The consumers and the organ ization have developed a relation of trust. Without the trust of consumers, the company would not exist. The guidance to the employees in the form of principles has benefited the company and has ensured that highest standards are met. The professionalism and the responsible attitude of management is the reason behind the success of the company. The goals that were defined above are achieved by following the business principles. The principles are not followed by the employees only, but are followed by the top, lower, and middle management. Now the company is providing good life to people by supplying them with good food. The food includes everything from juices to dairy products and from dietary to infant food. References J. Crow, (2006), "What constitutes a good project goal statement?", http://www.projectkickstart.com/html/tips4.htm Nestle, 2011

History Of Britain's Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History Of Britain's Constitution - Essay Example The biggest powers are held by the prime minister and the cabinet. The queen holds the power to choose the prime minister and has the final say on any laws being introduced. The prime minister heads ceremonial functions and the Commonwealth. Due to the absence of a constitution in Britain, the British people are subjects as opposed to being citizens. Ceremonial dutiesThe prime minister, an appointee of the queen, and the cabinet have a lot of power. The Queen of England performs various ceremonial duties. Being the head of all Commonwealth countries, she opens all meeting she attends. Another ceremonial duty of the monarch is the opening of parliament. The Queen heads the opening of the parliament ceremony that attracts a lot of revenue from tourism.Sovereign GrantThe sovereign grant is a civil list that was developed and passed into law in 2012. The list contains money that the Queen and some of her close relatives are assigned in order to carry out public duties. The sovereign gran t costs each UK citizen up to 56 pounds annually.Royal assentThe royal equality act was given a royal assent in 2010. Previously, daughters did not have equal rights to sons. However, the royal assent to the act ended the old practice of the eldest son taking after the queen and not the eldest sister. ScandalThe royal family has been involved in various scandals. Three of the queen’s children have gotten married and divorced. Their weddings have cost the British people a lot of money in taxes.

Adjustment Letter Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adjustment Letter Case Study - Assignment Example Late delivery may adversely affect the stakeholders in case the Hesse decides to withdraw their account. However, their long-term relationship may favour restoration of good will. The letter will address the acceptance of the company to refund the fee of $3200. Acceptance of the return will help address the primary demand of Hesse. It will send an apology due to late delivery and poor communication to the Hesse. It will also include an explanation for failure to pick goods as agreed and provide a future solution in case of similar incidents. The cause of the late delivery resulted from communication failure. Thus, the new quality control measure will make sure of an efficient communication system. Effective communication system will ensure in case of nay changes in company Hesse, and other customers get information. In addition, the service will work even on holiday days to make sure communication flows well. Physical environmental factors. For example, the break in on Coastal Moves resulted to disabled of access cards and loss of company laptops with some access codes. Disabling of access cards gave the company a setback in line of communication. Thus, this will help in justifying an apology to

E-Commerce and its impact on the Global Marketplace Essay

E-Commerce and its impact on the Global Marketplace - Essay Example The main impact of E-Commerce is the fact that the global marketplace never sleeps and working 24/7, 365 days a year. It functions across different time zones as well as geographic boundaries. The integration of synergies leads to an extraordinary improvement in efficiencies. The presence of better and improved software enables the companies to conduct business online in an automated fashion leading to better productivity. It opens up a better competitive arena even to smaller companies with lesser resources at their disposal. It symbolizes the usage of the complete potential of the Internet and using it to gain profitability. Inter-business transactions or business-to-business (B2B) or e-commerce between businesses usually between manufacturers and suppliers. The other is the transaction between businesses and consumers (B2C) or electronic retailing. B2B type of E-Commerce is more common because of the usage of computer technology to a large extent by businesses, B2C in the form of online retailing has picked up exponentially. The success story of Wal-Mart has been extensively discussed and analysed. Sam Walton's guiding principles of "everyday low prices " have made Wal-Mart the world's largest retailer. The availability of the product when the customer looks for it on the shelf has to be accomplished, at the lowest possible cost without high overheads Using E-Commerce Supply Chain to Support Low Prices and Increased Customer Satisfaction "At Wal-Mart, we don't implement technology for its own sake," says David Flanagin, Director of Network Engineering. "It has to have a payback that helps the customer."(Quoted from http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/ibs/vertical/retail/Wal-Mart.PDF) So when the Wal-Mart network that unifies more than 100,0000 employees in more than 2400 stores and 100 distribution centres was undertaken, the Cisco network was chosen after great deliberation. Unifying and coordinating retailers and suppliers were of paramount importance. The number is staggering considering there are thousands of products and hundreds of suppliers and these are shipped to myriad destinations in the actual seasonal periods when they are sold. Wal-Mart ventured into EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) in 1980 and used it to transmit data to its suppliers. By 1990 Wal-Mart had its own application called "Retail Linka" and suppliers used modems to dial into the network for sales and inventory data. This enabled better forecasting and planning, producing and shipping. With the growing E-Commerce scenario, Wal-Mart utilized the power of the Internet and using the Cisco network, Wal-Mart updated and reorganized the "Retail Linka" to a greater level of competence and usability. Logins are password protected and each supplier has a level to which he is able to access the information. "We

Applying Organizational Theory with Communications Essay

Applying Organizational Theory with Communications - Essay Example The marketing will be difficult; she thinks internet can be used for this purpose. Randy Miles, a board member, totally disagrees with this solution. He suggests cutbacks; even that is not a good practice. Since so much hiring have been done in few years, there was a long debate between two of them. Voting was done and members preferred Elizabeth decision. The theory of group think is a key point to resolve many conflicts. There are many alternate decisions but businesses need a perfect one which is preferred by everyone. The preference can be given with the help of voting. After choosing the selected path to follow the issues still reside. Everyone does not agree with the single decision to same degree. Different suggestions can create conflicting situation. Risk factor is also important which is associated with every decision. Such situation must be handled with care and proper justification. Everyone who is representing an idea must give satisfactory justification and possible solution as well as providing a strategy that how to implement such solution. List of resources required and the budget requirement must be realistic. Unity and agreement to go ahead with a particular decision must be the first priority. Now consider the given scenario. Like in the case of Elizabeth and Randy Miles; when Randy Miles came to know that his suggestion is no longer accepted, he leaves the room. This is first stage of conflict. The solution of this is to give proper justification and to unite everyone on single decision. Tina’s point of view is also right that there is lack of financial expertise, and more people are required. Only two people are making decision for this company. The lack of financial expertise is reflected in the lack of expert human resource. The mind of decision maker must be fresh otherwise frustration can lead it up to wrong decision. The meeting was continued for five hours. Another meeting must be conducted to give

Education and Genuine Passion Essay Example for Free

Education and Genuine Passion Essay Describe the skills or attributes you believe are necessary to be an outstanding teacher. From my own personal experience in order to be an outstanding teacher, an individual must possess the following qualities: a genuine passion for teaching, knowledgeable not only in their content area of teaching, but also in various types of learning styles, including knowledge of social and emotional barriers to learning, and they must be creative in their teaching style. If one doesn’t have a genuine passion for teaching, they become a disservice to the youth since they won’t put forth the effort and dedication that is needed to teach up to 6 different class periods a day. A teacher must be able to identify and have positive corrective measures when working with youth with social and emotional behaviors. Professional development in this area is critical to a student’s success in the classroom. Lastly, the proliferation of social media and technology should change the way educators teach, since the average student today is constantly using technology. How would you address a wide range of skills in your classroom? One of the classes that I used to teach was Spanish, there were a wide range of skills when it came to comprehension. For the most part, I had to design a curriculum, which had to include modifications for students with educational, social, and behavioral disorders. For example, some students were allowed extra time on their exams or assignments, grading was modified based on the work the student turned in, and classroom seating was designed to address the variations of skills. Often times, I noticed the class would be more engaged in group settings after I designated a leader and assigned tasks to each student according to their skill level. Extra credit would be assigned in the beginning of each semester for students who read a number of books that I assigned. From my own personal experience in order to be an outstanding administrator, an individual must possess the following qualities: a genuine passion for teaching, knowledgeable not only in their content area of teaching, but also in various types of learning styles, including knowledge  of social and emotional barriers to learning, they must be able to motivate their team and promote professional development, and the must be able to make sound decisions. If one doesnt have a genuine passion for teaching, they become a disservice to the youth since they won’t put forth the effort and dedication that is needed to lead. An excellent administrator must be able to identify and have positive corrective measures when working with youth with social and emotional behaviors. Professional development in this area is critical to a student’s success in the classroom. The proliferation of social media and technology should change the way educators teach, since the average student today is constantly using technology. Technology is very important in education, teachers can use technology to maximize student learning. Using computers, videos, and other kinds of technology makes lessons more interesting and more fun. For example, I used to teach a class called Scholar Learning Community, one of my assignments included a demonstration speech that had to be presented in from of the class. Students were encouraged to video tape their presentations, a large number of them posted their videos on YouTube. This encouraged the other students to do the same as their friends were able to view their videos. It also makes it ? easier to teach students with varying needs. A co 1. Describe the skills or attributes you believe are necessary to be outstanding when working in student support services. One of my duties as a Student ; Family Advisor involved recruitment for the program, at times this duty was a bit of a challenge considering other responsibilities that the position entailed. These responsibilities were shared between myself and another co-worker. Part of our program requirement was that we were at 80% enrollment each month. Our enrollment figures were based on the number of enrolled and pending referrals that were received each month. A large number of these referrals derived from recruitment efforts. Apparently, my co-worker wasnt pulling their weight in this area, I gently convinced them to attend a presentation that I was giving to a DCFS agency so that she can learn from my style of organizing and presenting the program to agencies. I found out during our outing, that she seemed to lack the organization in her presentation and just needed a few pointers and assurance in her recruitment efforts. Our enrollment number increased as a result. Works with student in planning and implementing an Individualized Optional Education Plan (IOEP) . Plans instructional program for student based on historical transcript, assessment data and current IOEP. Maintains current and accurate records of attendance and academic progress of students. Meets regularly with students and consults with instructors and parents in order to assess progress toward academic providing direction and assistance as necessary. Works with Student Development Coordinator in regards to student activities related to academic goals as well as provides guidance in response to request from Student Development Coordinator in areas of student behavior and personal growth. Conducts seminars and workshops for students in any/all of the following areas: college matriculation, career readiness and personal growth. Performs related duties as assigned by the Principal. I have 9 years of what I would call,front line experience. This term is usually referred to from soldiers fighting in a war zone. I guess I can say that I was in the front lines along with other professionals that fight hard to take back the lives Chicagos youth through education. I served as a Student ; Family Advisor with the City Colleges of Chicago. I was assigned to operate a program that was funded by DCFS to recruit and retain the youth in the high school program (YS3). My number one goal was to ensure their graduation. I provided intense academic advisement to 20 students, along with other duties as assigned.

Social vs Liberal Market Economies

Social vs Liberal Market Economies Gabriela Lopez Section I Dictators Dilemma: Dictators can never be sure of how much support they really have because of the repression they practice. As explained in the chapter â€Å"repression breeds fear, which in turn breeds misinformation.† Dictators often have to spend more on civilian or military spies to gain knowledge of opposing parties or disloyal civilians. Since dictators cant be sure of how many supporters they have, they find themselves spending money to buy loyalty. Dictators spend a lot of resources trying to neutralize areas that they believe could be a threat. Military regimes tend to be more paranoid when it comes to measuring the loyalty of the nation. They are aware that in order to gain power they overthrew the standing government; therefore, they know that someone else can do the same to them. It is important for the dictator to ensure the military’s loyalty but spending luxurious amount of money and resources. In Africa in authoritarian regimes it was obvious who was ruling because of the difference in infrastructure from one place to the other. Dictators tend to prefer to spend more on their home areas than anywhere else. It is common for authoritarians to be more generous with the people of own ethnic group. Drogus and Orvis 2012, Chapter 8 Social vs liberal Market Economies: Market economy is the system in which individuals exchange goods and services in a large manner. It is not limited to finished good, this system also includes labor. Social market economies are designed to benefit a larger amount of people. In a social market economy the government is highly involved in creating social goods for the people. They have highly coordinated business communities. In a social economy the government is heavily involved in protecting the citizen’s welfare and providing employment security. Germanys highly productive market economy led to be the leading industrial exporter. They have and extensive welfare policies that cover almost every citizen of the nation. Germany has been successful at keeping the productivity levels high, secure wages, and low inequality levels. In contrast, a liberal economy limits government intervention. The United States is an appropriate example of liberal economy, the states has allowed the economy to take its course with little of no intervention. The market has crashed more than once, taking the nation’s economy down with it. The bargaining levels are not as efficient in a liberal economy that in a social economy because of the lack of government intervention. The bargaining happens between the employer and employee, and unfortunately for the working class we get paid what the employer things the labor is worth. The United States continue to be one of the wealthy countries that don’t provide its citizens with welfare. The United States has been successful in creating good growth, keeping unemployment rates in a moderate state. On the opposite side, the United States has high inequality and poverty levels compared to other wealthy countries. Drogus and Orvis 2012, Chapter 5 Market Externalities: Market externalities are one of the three causes of market failure. Market externalities occur when the cost or benefit of the product is not reflected in the market price, this in turn reduces efficiency. The market price should include the price of production and the price of the damage it creates. Environmental damage is often considered an externality because the company that created the pollution did not pay for the damage. When a factory pollutes the air they create a long term health problem for the people that inhale it. Therefore, some people believe that industries should be limited to the amount of pollution that they can release to the environment and or be responsible for the full cost of their production. Efficiency can also be maximized if both the seller and the buyers know the full cost of the product; this is known as â€Å"perfect information†. The 2008-09 recessions were partially caused by investors not knowing the full cost. Home buyers were so desperate to buy homes that they didnt check the variable interest rates that were in the contracts. The high mortgage payments would be higher than what families could afford after a certain period of time. This happened to my family back in 2009, my parents lost the home that they had invested so on because the mortgage payment double from one month to another. I explain this part of my life to show that I completely understand market externalities. Drogus and Orvis 2012, Chapter 5 Four Welfare Policy Types: Social policy can be categorized in four distinct types: universal entitlements, social insurance, mean tested public assistance, and tax expenditures. Universal entitlements are the benefits that the government provides equally to all its citizens, these are funded with taxes. The only example that can relate to the United States is public education, which is a right that every citizen has. Some believe that is an indirect component, the government only offers free education because that will decrease the poverty level in the future. In Europe the universal entitlement is more direct, they provide cash benefits to the families to help pay for the expenses of raising a child. People dont always agree with universal entitlements because they feel that its a waste of money that is going to people that dont need it. Social insurance is a form of insurance that you only get if you have contributed to the funds. For instance, in the United States we have social security, the pension system created by the government to help you when you need it. The money is taken out directly from the paychecks and its put into the general fund. Young people pay for the elder’s social security and in turn we rely on the future generations to do the same. People are more supportive of social insurance because they dont have to question the reasons why people get money. Means-tested public assistance are the programs that only people that fall under low income levels get. SNAP, CHIP, WIC, TANF are programs offered in the United States to families that need financial assistance. The tax payers dont always agree with means-tested public assistance because they are funded with their tax money. The working citizens that contribute the nations general tax fund dont feel that the people receiving welfare benefits are worthy of the assistance because they are getting money that they did not work for. Tax expenditures are tax breaks that only specific people get. This social policy is different from the rest because the government is not spending money on providing you with assistance; instead they allow you to keep this money. This is sometimes helps families to keep money that they can use to purchase a home, which would stimulate the economy in a different way. Tax breaks can be limited to certain groups of people and they are meant to help lower poverty and inequality. Drogus and Orvis 2012, pages 564–596 Cap and Trade: Cap and trade is and incentive given to companies by the government that is intended to reduce the pollutant that a company releases into the environment. The government gives vouchers to the companies that allow them certain units of pollution, the companies are then free to trade or exchange with other industries that have a higher cost of pollution. The companies that cannot afford to but cleaner technology to create less pollution can buy more rights from the companies that can easily upgrade to more ecofriendly technology. The downside to the cap and trade system is that any company with enough resources can buy all the rights it needs, creating some trouble areas where they will suffer from severe pollution. The government still has to limit the amount of right a company can buy to be able to successfully make the cap and trade system work. Some suggest that a simpler solution will be to directly tax pollutants. Drogus and Orvis 2012, pages 564–596 Part II Is political science actually science? Political science as Aristotle described it is the study of the state. Political scientists preoccupy themselves with studying nations, states, and government policies among other things. As defined by dictionary.com science is the study of a subject that deals with facts systematically arranged to show the operational of general laws. Based on that definition I will say that political science is definitely a science. The study and comparison of the state policies and nations is no easy task, it requires hard work and years of study to find out what works for society and what doesnt. Comparative politics is possible because even when nations are not exactly the same they do have similar variables that can help weight the differences. Thanks to comparative politics we are free to â€Å"exchange ideas† with other nations. Throughout the course we have compared many nations and their rules and we have being able to make our mind on what we find correct and the things we wish to stay away from. For instance most of us already had an idea of what democracies are, but little did we know that there are different types of democracies. The type of democracy that we find politically correct is the one in the United States, the nation that allows a liberal market economy, and holds free and fair elections regularly. Other nations that are not democratic have adopted the term to make them sound democratic like the Democratic Peoples Republic of North Korea and the People Republic of China. Communist countries have gone as far as to adopt elections and have democratic institutions. Then there are nations that are recognize as democracies but don’t measure up to the definition of the word. Comparative politics ha s allowed us to measure how democratic a nation is based on contestation and inclusion. Political scientists are constantly focusing their studies on topics such as health care and the different types of health coverage offered across the world. Most of the world has adopted the idea that health care is a social right. Everyone is regardless of social status has the right to get the appropriate health coverage they need. Most wealthy countries have been able to intervene in the market to be able to create universal coverage to the citizens. Even though the United States has not taken it into its own hands to recognize health care as a social right it, it does claim the provision of the best health care possible to the largest number of people. Comparative politics has put the health care systems into perspective to be able to adequately identify which one serves the largest amount of people. In Germany the national health insurance system has been a success, the government has mandated that every must have health insurance. Since the government regulates insurance compa ny’s there’s absolute control on how much those companies can charge for premiums and health procedures. National health insurance only works for wealthy countries; most citizens in poor countries cannot afford insurance. Some countries implement a modified version of the national health insurance that adapts to the peoples budget, or that only benefits the higher classes. The national health system is also more common in wealthy countries. This system is government financed and managed. Doctors that work in a national health system get their income directly from the government. Therefore the government can regulate the cost of procedures and drugs. Poor countries attempt to enforce the national health system by offering services through public clinics and hospitals. Market based insurance is the least common; the insurance game is ran by markets. This allows limited government regulation which in turn creates high prices for the citizens to pay. Even though, the market based economy is usually pricier due to the lack of government regulation, the size of the population that doesnt have health insurance is relatively small. Comparative politics sets the examples of what country we want to be like. Do we want to continue to have a market based insurance system or do we want to be like Germany where health care is a social right? Political science has helped us gain knowledge of things that have failed in the past to keep us from making the same mistakes in the future. Everything in this world can be measured and compared; some things are more obvious to the eye than others. Comparative politics is certainly possible. If it wasnt for the patience and dedication of political scientist that live to reject their theories there might not have been such great advancement in the world. Citations: Clark et al. 2009, Chapter 5 Drogus and Orvis 2012, pages 564–596 Essay 2 Advanced Democracies Advance democracies are countries that have institutionalized democracies and have high levels of economic development and prosperity. Originally, advanced democracies were considered â€Å"first world† countries, they were ahead of all others because they were growing economically and they had declared themselves democracies. Referring to countries as first, second and third world had to be redefined because countries with oil-based economies began to become wealthier but werent exactly heading toward democracies. The biggest challenge that advance democracies face is staying ahead in the economy game. Advanced democracies can be identified as such by looking at the degree of institutionalization of participation, competition, and liberal. Advanced democracies have open market policies and high levels of private property ownership. A small portion of the economy is based on agricultural. Advanced democracies initially replaced agriculture with industrialization, which is now being replaced by education, real estate and other parts of the service sector. Liberal democracies all share common characteristics of high economic development based on industry and services. However some differences stand out. Advance democracies take different approaches to measure freedom and inequality. Liberal democracies limit the freedom that the citizens have. For instance, some countries like the United States allow abortion as long as they are done before the first trimester. In other countries the government can go as far as to ban abortions all together. Every country can takes different approache s to protecting certain liberties. Todays advanced democracies are rational, materialistic, and bureaucratic. They give greater importance to individualistic freedom than collective equality. Advance democracies are undergoing social, political and economic changes. These changes have shifted from having an economy that was based on industrial and agricultural goods to service sector economies. Most of the people in the nation are employed in the service sector, instead of producing something that can be sold or traded people are working in finance, retail, and health care. According to the reading three quarters of the population are employed by the public sector, the â€Å"made in China† stickers are to blame. Globalization has made it easier for companies to move to foreign countries to pay for cheap labor. Industries have migrated to China and India among other countries where labor is so cheap it outweighs the cost of transporting the goods. Advanced democracies are faced with the daily challenge of keeping unemployment levels down by creating different jobs. Globalization has made it easier for communist countries to draw economic growth their way. Being a manufacturing company in the United States comes with more costs than what companies can afford. In the United States environmental awareness is rapidly gaining attention, companies find themselves either having to buy newer ecofriendly machinery or buying pollution rights from other companies. Environmental issues might not be that big of a concern in developing countries, they are yet to see the long term cost of the rapid economic development theyve been enjoying. In consequence advanced democracies no longer have the advantage of selling â€Å"home-made† products. Companies in advance democracies have taken the rational approach to increase their individual gain while ignoring the nation’s economic needs. Globalization has made the challenge of even greater, economic growth more difficult. Fortunately, the market has been creative enough to come up with jobs that might not have existed years ago. The main concern is to come up with leverage to somehow be able to compete with growing economies that are benefiting from the companies that have found better business opportunities elsewhere. As a supporter of advance democracies, I believe in the strength and the efficiency of the countries to successfully compete in foreign markets. The United States must be able to produce something that other nations want to invest on, in order to have even trade with other countries. I also admire globalization and how easy it is to be united with other parts of the world. I believe that globalization is a threat when countries are competing for economic growth. The United Stated and other advance democracies should not ignore the importance of trading manufacture goods, there should be some incentive plans to keep American companies in American soil. Citations: O’Neil 2010, Chapter 7

Contribution Of Population Growth To Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay

Contribution Of Population Growth To Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay Population may refers to all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem and live in the same geographical area. Birth, deaths, and migration are the major factors that determine whether and how much the size of a population changes. Organisms join a population through birth or immigration and leave it through death or emigration. A population would remain stable if there are many individuals join and leave. Conversely, population growth occurs when the number of births plus immigrants exceeds the number of deaths plus immigrants. According to U.S. Census Bureau, the total world population, estimated to be 6.87billion as at 22 September 2010. And according to United Nations Population Division, the world population will increase by 2.5 billion over the next 40 years. Today, it is broadly thought a larger population leads to greater emissions. Generally, the scientists believe that as the population has grown, emissions of carbon dioxide have increased in proportion, and it would contribute to the acid rain and global warming. But how is it actually contributed to acid rain and global warming? To answer this question, it would be important to understand the nature of acid rain and global warming. Acid rain is a form of pollution that can cause lots damages to the natural ecosystem, to man-made objects (e.g. buildings), as well as harm human health. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are the primary causes of acid rain. When combined with water vapor in the atmosphere, nitrogen dioxides and sulfur dioxide are converted to nitric acid and sulfur dioxide respectively (Audesirk, et al., 2005, p.853-54). Days later, these acids fall with rainwater, eating away at buildings, damaging trees, rendering lakes lifeless. Another serious environmental issue, global warming, which is an increase in the earths temperature. It happens when greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrous oxide) trap heat and light from the sun in Earths atmosphere which increase the temperature. Both acid rain and global warming can cause severe impacts to plant life, aquatic life, man-made object, and human life. To be sure, these growing environmental issues are not natural phenomenon, rather they are man-made. Nowadays, human unethical activities which mainly came from the toxic gases discharged by the factories has polluted global atmosphere that are a direct result of acid rain. Notable, life on Earth is dependent on carbon dioxide to regulate our planets temperature, yet too much of the CO2 can create a heat up over our atmosphere. For this reason, the unsustainable population growth and excessive consumption can rise up levels of carbon dioxide which result in the earths climate been altered in serious ways. How does the population growth contribute to acid rain and global warming? During ancient times, primitive people were sustained by dependent on the energy flowing from the sun. But as the population grew and technology increased, humans began to act more and more independently of these natural processes. For example, the Industrial Revolution began during mid-nineteenth century, resulted in a tremendous increase in our reliance on energy from fossil fuels (i.e. coal, petroleum and natural gas) for heat, light, transportation, and industry as well as agriculture sector. Today, we can see that many multinational corporations spend huge amount of money to make foreign direct investment (set up plant or factory) in emerging countries such as China and India to benefit from the cost advantage. This implies that more factories are set up abroad and the result is that more toxic gases being discharged to the atmosphere. Moreover, as more countries have industrialized, human industrial activities have discharged more nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. For example, United States discharge about 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere annually, two-third of it from power plants burning coal or oil (Audesirk et al., 2005, p.853-54). Consequently, the excess emission of these gases has contributed to acid rain. As mentioned earlier, human population growth is increasing in a rapid way annually. In other words, the demand for houses increases as well. In such circumstance, there are more and more trees being cutting down to supply more land for houses and thus deforestation happen in many places. Besides, the demand on raw materials for building houses would generate more chemicals and gases that pollute the environment. And, during the construction, the transportation such as trucks moving around would generate more carbon dioxide that further destroy the ozone layer and eventually result more acid rain. When we parked our car at the parking lot on a hot day, we can feel the hot when we get in to the car few hours later. A simple reason is that the heat and light from the sun get into the car, but it cant get back out. This is what the greenhouse effect does to our earth, thus result in a gradual increase in the earths temperature. We know that, people like to stay in the house to enjoying cool air-conditioner while watching TV, surfing web via computer, store favorite food in refrigerator and so on. However, they never realized that electricity cause pollution in many ways. When they do these things, they are causing more greenhouse gasses to be sent into the air. For this reason, in most cases, fossil fuels are burned to create electricity. Many pollutants are sent to the air when fossil fuels are burned. Imagine, large amount of households are using electricity every day, and the electric providers would need to burn many tons of fossil fuels to supply electric to the household, and their activities directly contribute to the global warming. A further contribution of population growth is through the vehicular pollution. As the population increases, the demand and usage of automobiles and other machines will increase as well. The activities of burning fossil fuels by a growing number of vehicles have amplified the natural greenhouse effect, producing global warming. According to Nationmaster (2005), countries like United States, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Australia and Malta have a large number on the possession of motor vehicles. Particularly in United States, the statistic shows that there are 765 vehicles per 100 people. Notable, the statistic had not included trucks and buses on the road. Therefore, vehicular pollution are considered largest source of air pollution which also the killer of our earth. So far, we have discussed the human population growth and their activities have contributed to these two environmental problem. What about animals? In fact, animal population growth also a threat to environment. According to a report by United Nation, livestock are one of the most significant contributors to todays most serious environmental problems. With increased population, people are consuming more meat products today. The global livestock sector is growing in a rapid way than other sectors. However, such rapid growth is not a good indication. Based on United Nations report, cattle produce more harmful greenhouse gases to atmosphere. Human activities in livestock sector accounts for 65% of nitrous oxide which can cause global warming; while livestock accounts for 37% of methane contribution and 64% of ammonia which is largely produced by the digest system of ruminants (i.e. cow and sheep) contributes significantly to acid rain. Throughout the above discussion, we can see that how population growth contributes to todays serious environmental problem. In fact, whatever we doing every day, we are actually contributed to these two environmental problems. Imagine, as the population growth, more and more people will contribute more unwanted toxic to the earth and eventually worsen the earths health. Human, as the most intelligent animals on the earth; we should do something to reduce the pollution. In terms of government, rules and regulation are needed to control the emission of toxic gases, and also regulate in birth control. Furthermore, government should also increase the public awareness through different media and campaigns. Individual can also make a difference to prevent these environmental problems to be further worsened. For example, it is encourage driving less to curb the vehicular pollution. Additionally, reducing the usage of electricity, and consuming more organic food because organic soil absorb large amount of carbon dioxide. In a nutshell, it is global responsibility to protect the earth; after all, there are no other planets but earth that could allow human to live. Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G. and Byers, B.E. 2005. Biology life on earth. 7th ed. United States.Prentice Hall. Nationmaster. 2005. Transportation statistic, motor vehicles (most recent) by country. [online] Available from: http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehiclesHYPERLINK http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehiclesb_map=1HYPERLINK http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehiclesb_map=1b_map=1 [Accessed 26 September 2010] United Nation. 2006. Rearing cattle produces more greenhouse gases than driving cars, UN report warns. [online] Available from: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsID=20772HYPERLINK http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsID=20772CR1=warningHYPERLINK http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsID=20772CR1=warningCR1=warning [Accessed 26 September 2010] US Census Bureau. 2010. World popclock projection. [online] Available from: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/popclockworld.html [Accessed 22 September 2010] United Nation Population Division. World population will increase by 2.5 billion by 2050; people over 60 to increase by more than 1 billion. [online] Available from: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm [Accessed 22 September 2010] Cheng, M. and Kennedy, K. No date. Population growth and society. [online] Available from: http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/populationgrowth.htm [Accessed 23 September 2010]

Argumentative Essay: Teachers Should Earn More Than Athletes :: Persuasive Essay

Why do teachers get paid so much less than sports players? A teacher mentors a child or teenager and gives them knowledge. A sports player plays a game in which they are good at and love to do. So why does a sports player live a dream life earning millions of dollars a year while a teacher is stuck living the middle class life. A teacher gives a student the gift of knowledge, teaching them day by day helping the student almost all the time. Giving the student the choice to do something great with their life. Whether or not the student decides to do something with this chance is up to them. On the other hand more sports player have little or no interaction with their fans. The most interaction some sports players have with their younger fans is through charity events, or by being paid to sign autographs. So why are sports players so much more glorified than teachers. The majority of teachers get paid a middle class salary, live a middle class life and harldy ever get looked at as major influences to kids; however, just because a sports player plays a game like no other they could be famous, a millionaire, and looked at as a hero to people across the country or even worldwide. Even when off the field that phenomenal sports player might never do a thing for their fans they are hardly ever looked at negatively for not paying attention to their fans. A teachers job is to pay attention to each and everyone of their students they deal with students day by day and year by year compared to the sports player of having a ten year at most length career. Is it fair that two people born with a gift, one has the gift to play a game like no one else and the other has a gift of teaching. Granted that some aports players can be good role models for their fans and making an adloesence believe in themselves that they can do something great in their life that they never thought possible. But a teacher can show a student that they can also do things they never thought possible. A teacher has the ability to change lives of many students. They should be given more gratitude for doing what they do and for dealing with the stereotypes and disapproval of the students lives they’re trying to change.

The Search for America in Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollo

The Search for America in Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the early to mid-1800's, Washington Irving was an immensely popular writer heralded as one of the 'great' American writers.   Irving's importance lies especially in "Rip Van Winkle" and " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the sketches in which he creates the vision of the alternate America(n).   His critique of American society through his main characters-Rip and Ichabod-and the towns in which they live gives shape to an America not usually acknowledged by his contemporaries, and thus crucial to American literary studies today.   J. Hector St. John De Crevecoeur, who created the most definitive statement of "American" circa Irving's time, certainly would not.   Indeed, it is Crevecoeur's type of America that Irving opposes.   When viewed against the backdrop of Crevecoeur's definition of America, Irving's sketches portray a very different America-the other America.    Irving will be compared with Crevecoeur in five main sections:   "Building the European," in which Crevecoeur claims that traces of Europe can be found throughout American society; "The Melting Pot," in which Crevecoeur states that the European influences are assimilated into an American whole, and creating a new society; "The American Stranger," in which Crevecoeur claims that no one is a stranger in America; "American Industry," which looks at the spirit of industry found in Americans; and finally, "People of the Soil," which deals with Americans' ties with the land.   In all of these sections, Crevecoeur's mainstream view of American will serve to show Irving's unique America.    I. Building on the European When defining 'American,' Crevecoeur is quick to point out ... ...ary on the Works of   Washington Irving, 1860-1974.   Ed. Andrew B. Myers.   Tarrytown, NY:   Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976.   330-42. Pochmann, Henry A.   "Irving's German Tour and its Influence on His Tales."   PMLA   45 (1930) 1150-87. Ringe, Donald A.   "New York and New England: Irving's Criticism of American   Society."   American Literature 38 (1967): 455-67.   Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the Works of Washington Irving, 1860-1974.   Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown, NY: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976.   398-411. Rourke, Constance.   American Humor: A Study of the National Character.   Garden City,   NY: Doubleday, 1931. Rubin-Dorsky, Jeffrey.   "The Value of Storytelling: 'Rip Van Winkle' and 'The Legend   of Sleepy Hollow' in the Context of The Sketch Book."   Modern Philology 82    (1985): 393-406.      

Nutritional needs

Insufficiency leads to Beriberi, Wrinkle-Coworkers syndrome Riboflavin (32) Insufficiency leads to Riboflavin's Intact (83) Peanuts Legumes Enriched grains Insufficiency leads to diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis Cabling (Bal 2) Animal protein Insufficiency leads to pernicious anemia Folic Acid Orange Juice Leafy green vegetables Insufficiency leads to anemia and neural tube defects Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C): wound healing, hormone synthesis Citrus fruits Insufficiency leads to scurvy, bleeding gums Vitamin A: vision, tissue growth, immune, reproductive function Animal foodsFortified milk Insufficiency leads to night blindness, cerographical Vitamin D: calcium and phosphorus metabolism, PATH, kidney Fortified food sources Insufficiency leads to rickets, astronomical Vitamin E: antioxidant, immune Vegetable oil Margarine Insufficiency leads to hemolytic of Orbs Vitamin K: blood clotting Liver Insufficiency leads to hemorrhage Apricots Avocado Bananas Cantaloupes Raw carrots Peas / Dried beans Dried fruits Oranges Potatoes Prune Juice Spinach Tomatoes Winter squash Calcium (also use for kidney stones) Chocolate BeansLentils Canned / smoked fish (except tuna) Flour Cocoa Green leafy vegetables Trainee / Dopamine Restrictions (for people taking Mayo's) Aged Cheese Smoked fish Processed meats FAA beans Soy sauce Purina (gout / uric acid stones) Organ meats Anchovies Sardines Salmon Herring Venison Goose Seafood Oxalate's (kidney stones) Asparagus Beets Celery Cabbage Dark green leafy vegetables Green beans Beer Cola Nuts -area Acid-Ash Foods

Oppression in A Tale of Two Cities Essay

In the mass A Tale of 2 Cities, champion of the many motives present is that of oppression. There be many examples of this throughout the support, some more than than obvious than the others.We jackpot see just away in the beginning that the French peasants ar under a fearful oppression by the French aristocracy. all told the people of the towns that atomic number 18 described are starved and in great pain, they are depressed and slinking about, gaunt skeletons of homosexual beings. Their despair is clearly evident in Chapter 5, when everyone near rushes to lick wine off of the metropolis street when a barrel of it bursts by and by being dropped. As this is occurring, the wealthy French citizens are reclining indoors and use a ridiculous number of servants just to restore a cup of hot water. When a poor mans parole is run over and killed by the siz satisfactory Marquiss carriage, the Marquis makes no apology, and tosses a couple coins at the sorrow father. The a ristocrats did not even think the peasants human they treated them as animals, without a thought process to their happiness or well being. some other example of oppression is in Mrs. Crunchers relationship with her husband. Mr. Cruncher orders her about, and treats her like a tour of property, just there to do his testament and stay out of his way. When Jerry Cruncher catches his wife praying for his thieve soul, he takes it to mean that she wants him to be caught and punished, so he will stop grave accent robbing. His son sees him the next morning bashing his wifes head into the headboard of their bed as a punishment for her prayers. Mrs. Cruncher lived in a constant oppressive asynchronous transfer mode as she tried to conform to her husbands wishes, but was never good decent for him, as he abused her moderately much every day.A more prominent example of this theme is shown in relation to Dr. Manette. The retentiveness of the eighteen days he spent locked up in the Basti lle constantly hangs over his head as a burden. His experience in that atmosphere was so awful that the mere memory of it oppresses him. The Doctor tended to fall back into his deranged childlike state throughout the bookbecause his experiences were more than his mind could deal with.Finally, a major example of oppression winning place is with Sidney Carton. He is oppressed by an addiction to alcohol. His life had taken some(prenominal) bad turns, making him a depressed, to the highest degree broken man. When he met Lucy Manette, he matte as though his life straightway had a purpose again, because he love her so much. However, Carton realized that with his roughage and lifestyle, he would never be sufficient to make her happy. The alcohol he had turn to for comfort, which had been his only friend for years, was now running(a) against him. Carton was so far bygone that he was no longer able to give up drinking, no yield how much he wanted to. inebriant now virtually cont rolled his life, dictating what he could or could not do. This was an awful example of self-induced oppression.subjugation is such a powerful theme in A Tale of Two Cities, probably to demonstrate how people can put it upon themselves, and how they can break drop out from it if they believe in their cause enough.

Personalities behind the civil rights movement

The obliging Rights Movement was primarily pay sufficient to discrimination and racism against the Afri spate-Americans. It aimed at granting luxuriant civil and political unspoiled-hand(a)s and decentity to either the Americans, regardless of race. This article looks into the earlier bod (1896-1954) of the many movements which counterbalance the Civil Rights Movements.The Civil Rights Movement would be no intimacy without the contributions of hold out men and women towards the achievement of equal rights. These personalities and leaders made it possible to fire hard workerry, separationism and unfair treatment to the oppressed. Even most of these citizenry were victims themselves who struggled for immunity and verticalice.These leaders entangle Mary McLeod Bethune, crapper Br induce, Linda brown, Ruby tie, Frederick Douglass, Medgar Evers, Marcus Garvey, Jesse Jackson, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., Abraham Lincoln, Rosa lay, Homer Plessy, Dred Scott, Sojourner Truth, Nat Turner, Harrit Tubman and Malcolm X.Every nonpareil of these leaders has his/her own story to tell, own act of selflessness in place to see the better of the country. Bethune was an African American who became an advisor of the late Franklin D. Roosevelt and created an all desolate school so that grim children can study to support good jobs subsequent on and vote wisely Brown helped in preventing Kansas from being a slave state and helped slaves in escaping from their captors Linda Brown became known for fighting the Board of Education of capital of Kansas to help give all black children a good education Bridges helped in ending segregation in her school.Douglass, once a slave, helped children to read and bring out and fought for freedom through the speeches he gave Evers too fought for equality for the blacks in Mississippi Garvey started the patronage to America Movement, meant to help blacks me treated right Jackson, cardinal of the greatest Civi l Rights leader, was the snatch black American to run for presidency, which he believed was a key to getting more than political power for the blacks and Lincoln play a big role by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, which was a settlement of freedom for all slaves.These were just approximately of those who have great contributions during the Civil Rights Movement. Their base goal, among others, was to see that every American has equal rights regardless of race or color. To do this, not just whites but blacks must(prenominal) be allowed to have education or to go to an all-whites school. This was authorised for the blacks because it is one ticket to a good job and future. Achieving this likewise shows equality in education amid blacks and whites.The leaders as well as fought for the eradication of meagerness among the blacks. During those times, their only purpose was being slaves to richer people in their own state. They have no right for freedom, for good jobs aroun d the neighborhood, and for all the good things whites hump. The leaders have valued economic independence for all.Another thing they saw worth fighting for was their right to vote. Many black persons were killed brutally just for encouraging blacks to vote. The whites see this as an misuse to them because they think that the blacks have no patronage dealing with political activities.These leaders in like manner wanted privileges be granted to blacks, curiously when it comes to the places where blacks and whites are separated, such as the seat in the buses, bathrooms, housing and school.All these goals constitute social change. The leaders wanted to end the hardships that blacks shouldered everyday. They have also longed for freedom of speech.John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa park can be considered great leaders during these times. Their contributions have made many changes in the representation blacks were treated in incompatible states.Kennedy was the only president to appoint blacks in different federal po mock upions as a way to end racial discrimination. He issued the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to make way for equal treatments and rights. This act abolished the discrimination on buses. Whites and blacks alike can now sit wherever they want to. It abolished discrimination in housing. Before, blacks lived in the seedier parts of town. Only whites have the right to clean, better and richer areas. Kennedys administrator Order 11063 ended this. The act also abolished discrimination in voting and education.King, on the other hand, also played an important role during the Civil Rights Movement. He believed in peaceful demonstrations and rallies, protests and marches to fight against Jim exult Laws, which segregate blacks and whites. He wanted blacks to enjoy the same privileges as the whites such as voting. His leadership brought about changes and the Jim Crow was defeated. Blacks were able to enjoy the things that used to be denied the m.Lastly, pose became instrumental in sparking the Civil Rights Movement. She was snaped one night for refusing to give the seat to a white passenger in the bus. She was base guilty, and had to pay a fine. Although she lost the case, her arrest made way for the Montgomery agglomerate Boycott which lasted a year. Her lawyers then filed correspond against the segregation, saying it was unconstitutional. This effort was not bony when the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with Parks lawyers. The segregation on the buses was finally over. lineamentPayne, Charles M. (1995). Ive Got the Light of Freedom The Organizing customs duty and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. Berkeley University of California Press.

Law of Tort

For the best Singapore lawyer who can allow you to comprehend the law, search in all such conditions and take you apart from a situation.Occupiers liability is perhaps a distinct form of negligence in that there must be a duty of care and breach of duty, causing damage.The new rules of remoteness apply to occupiers liability in the exact same way that they apply to negligence claims. Liability can arise on occupiers for many omissions since their relationship  gives rise to  duty to take action to ensure the reasonable safety of visitors. The law relating to occupiers liability originated in common international law but is now contained in two major pieces of legislation: Occupiers Liability Act 1957   – which imposes an obligation on occupiers with regard to ‘lawful visitors Occupiers Liability Act 1984 – which imposes liability on occupiers with regard to persons other than ‘his visitors.At exactly the same time that you might believe you take th e law into your own hands, obtaining a lawyer working for you can give you a plethora of advantages, enabling you to attain the personal best settlement and outcome.Both the Occupiers Liability Acts of 1957 and 1984  impose an obligation on occupiers rather than land owners. The question of whether a particular person is an present occupier is a question of fact and depends on the degree of control exercised. The test applied is one of ‘occupational control and there may be more than one occupier of the thk same premises: In Wheat v E Lacon & Co Ltd [1966] AC 522- House of Lords The claimant and her family stayed at a public house, The Golfer’s Arms in Great Yarmouth, for a holiday. Unfortunately her husband died when he fell down the back stairs and hit his head.

Taking Law at A-level could offer you a head start on a few.Richardson, who occupied the pub as a licensee. Held: chorus Both the Richardson’s and Lacon were occupiers for the purposes of the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 and therefore both owed the common duty of care. It is possible to have more than one occupier.The question of whether a particular person is an occupier under the Act is whether they have occupational control.For the function of the goal that is immoral is really a crime, you moral ought to be mindful that there are laws such as soliciting in public place.Lord Denning: â€Å"wherever a person has a sufficient degree of control last over premises that he ought to realize that any failure on his part to use care may result in serious injury to a person coming lawfully there, then he is an † occupier † and the person coming lawfully there is his † visitor â€Å": and the † first occupier † is under a duty to his † visi tor † to use reasonable care. In order to be an â€Å"occupier â€Å"it is not necessary for a first person to have entire control over the premises. He need not have exclusive occupation. Suffice it that he old has some degree of control.

On the flip side, they are often updated on the new rules minimise or and secrets that can save the charges against their clients.† Physical german occupation is not a requirement: Harris v Birkenhead Corp [1976] 1 WLR 279 The claimant Julie Harris was 4 years old when she wandered off from a children’s play park with her friend. They entered a derelict house which was due for demolition. The house what had not been secured and the door was open.They went upstairs and Julie sustained serious injury when she fell from a window.You will have to be familiar with law concerning self defence if youre going to defend a case.Held: The Council had the legal right to take possession to secure the property, actual physical occupation was not required to incur liability as an occupier. The council were therefore liable. 4. 1.

Civil cases are often simpler to win than situations.. 1. 1. 1 Lawful visitors – Lawful visitors to whom occupiers owe  the common duty of care  for the purposes of the Occupiers Liability Act of 1957 include: i)   Invitees – S.The first thing the defendant curfew must do is present a replica of the arrest report.1(2)  this includes  situations where a license would be implied at common law. (See below) iii) Those who enter pursuant to a contract – s. (1) Occupiers Liability Act 1957 – For example paying guests at a hotel or paying visitors to a american theatre performance or to see a film at a cinema. iv) Those entering in exercising a right conferred by law – s.

Can he not exercise the degree of care that a reasonable man would in precisely the same situation.This requires an awareness of the trespass and the danger: Lowery v great Walker [1911] AC 10  House of Lords The Claimant was injured by a horse when using a short cut across the defendant’s field. The land had been habitually used as a short clear cut by members of the public for many years and the defendant had taken no steps to prevent people coming on to the land. The defendant was aware that the horse was dangerous. Held: The defendant was liable.He must have failed in his or her obligation.Witness testimony was to the effect that the fence was in good repair the morning of the incident. Held: No license was implied. The Defendant had taken reasonable steps to prevent people coming onto the railway. Lord Goddard: â€Å"Repeated trespass of itself confers no license† 4.

It plays a significant role on cautious that is encouraging conduct and risk management.On the park various botanic many plants and shrubs grew. A boy of seven years ate some berries from one of the shrubs. The berries were poisonous and the boy died. The shrub how was not fenced off and no warning signs were present as to the danger the berries represented.A tort of defamation from the usa best can be defended from several ways.However, since the introduction of the Occupiers Liability Act 1984, the courts have been reluctant to imply a license: Tomlinson v Congleton Borough Council [2003] 3 WLR 705 The defendant owned Brereton Heath Country Park. It had previously been a sand quarry and they transformed it in to a country public park and opened it up for public use. The defendants had created a lake on the park which was surrounded by sandy banks.In the hot weather many visitors how came to the park.

Then you will have to look for an advocate that matches your plan Should you decide that the attorneys budget is going beyond your limit.The claimant was injured when he dived into shallow water and broke his neck. At the Court of Appeal it was held that he was a trespasser despite the repeated trespass and inadequate steps to prevent him swimming.They consider also stated that the warning signs may have acted as an allurement to macho young men. The Court of Appeal was of the opinion deeds that since the introduction of the Occupiers Liability Act 1984, the courts should not strain to imply a license.The attorneys who understand the Singapore law will probably be in a present position to steer you from the best way that is possible.House of Lords held: The Council was not liable. No risk arose from the state of the own premises as required under s. 1 (1) (a) Occupiers Liability Act 1984. The risk arose from the claimant’s own action.

Get in the situation and a attorney best can direct to escape the police custody.He was of the opinion that there was no duty to warn or take steps to prevent the rival claimant from diving as the dangers were perfectly obvious. This was based on the principle of free will and that to hold otherwise would deny the social benefit to the majority of the users of the park from using the park and lakes in a safe and responsible manner.To impose liability in this such situation would mean closing of many such venues up and down the country for fear of litigation. He noted that 25-30 such fractures occurred each year nationwide, despite increased safety measures the numbers had remained constant.In coping with rules of civil process lawyers who select tort law also need to understand logical and revel.The land was a public right of way. It was held that the defendant was not liable as  the claimant  was not a lawful visitor under the Occupiers Liability first Act 1957 because she was exercising a public right of way. †¢ Persons on the land exercising a private right of way:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden v White [1982] 2 click All ER 328 Court of Appeal The claimant, a milkman, was injured on the defendant’s land by a manhole cover which broke when he stepped on it. At the time he was delivering milk to the house of a third party who had a right of way across the defendant’s land.

5 The common duty of care The most common duty of care is set out in s. 2 (2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957: S. 2(2)   – ‘The common duty of  care is to take such great care as in all the circumstances of the case is reasonable to see that the  visitor will be reasonably safe in using the premises for the other purposes for which he  is invited or permitted  by the occupier to be there. ‘   Thus the standard of care varies according to the circumstances.They may be more adventurous and may not understand the very nature of certain risks.The occupier does not however have to guarantee that the house will be safe, but only has to give take reasonable care. If the child’s parents are present, they must share some responsibility, and, even if they are not present, it may be relevant to the occupier’s duty that they thought it prudent to allow their child to be where he was. Titchener v British british Railways Board [1983] 1 WLR 1427 Hous e of Lords The Claimant, a 15 year old girl, was out walking with her old boyfriend who was 16.The Defendant raised the defense of volenti under s. 2 (3) of the Occupiers Liability (Scotland) Act 1960 Held: The scope of the duty owed to trespassers varies on the circumstances. On the facts of this case the Defendants did not owe a duty to a 15 year old trespasser who was fully aware of the risks.Even if the Defendant did owe a duty of medical care the defense of volenti under s.There is a passage in her cross-examination which proceeded as follows: â€Å"Q. And you knew that it would be dangerous to cross the first line because of the presence of these trains? A. Yes. Q.

Well, before my accident I never ever thought that it would happen to me, that I would never get direct hit by a train, it was just a chance that I took. † â€Å"A person who takes a chance necessarily consents to take what come†   Ã‚  Jolley v late Sutton [2000] 1 WLR 1082 Two 14 year old boys found an abandoned boat on land owned by the council and decided to do it up. The boat was in a thoroughly rotten condition and represented a danger. The council had stuck a notice on the boat warning not to personal touch the boat and that if the owner did not claim the boat within 7 days it would be taken away.The trial judge found for the claimant. The Court of Appeal reversed the decision, holding that whilst it was foreseeable that younger children may play on the boat and suffer an injury by falling through the rotten wood, it was not foreseeable that older boys would try to do the boat up.The claimant appealed. House of Lords held: The claimants popular appeal was a llowed.It requires determination in the context of an intense focus on the circumstances of each case. † Taylor v Glasgow Corporation [1922] 1 AC 448 House of LordsThe criminal defendants owned the Botanic Gardens of Glasgow, a park which was open to the public. On the park various botanic plants and shrubs grew. A boy of seven years ate some wild berries from one of the shrubs.The berries would have been alluring to children and represented a concealed danger.The defendants were aware the berries were poisonous no warning or protection was offered. Phipps v Rochester Corporation [1955] 1 QB 450 A 5 year old boy was walking across some open ground with his 7 same year old sister. He was not accompanied by an adult.

†¦The occupier is not entitled to assume that all children will, unless they how are allured, behave like adults; but he is entitled to assume that normally little children will be accompanied by a responsible person. †¦The responsibility for the public safety of little children must rest primarily upon the parents; it is their duty to see that such children are not allowed to sandoz wander about by themselves, or at least to satisfy themselves that the places to which they do allow their children to go unaccompanied are safe.It would not be socially desirable if parents were, as a matter of course, able to shift the burden of looking after their children from their own shoulders to those persons who happen to have accessible pieces of land. † ii) S.Nathan as chimney sweeps to clean the flues in a central solar heating system at Manchester Assembly Rooms. The flues had become dangerous due to carbon monoxide emissions. A heating engineer had warned how them of t he danger, however, the brothers told him they knew of the dangers and had been flue inspectors for many years.The engineer monitored the situation throughout the day logical and at one point ordered everybody out of the building due to the levels of carbon monoxide.They were also told they should not do the work whilst the fires were lighted. However, the next day the brothers were found dead in the basement having returned the previous evening to complete the work when the fires were lit. Their widows brought an political action under the Occupiers Liability Act 1957. Held: The defendant was not liable.This caused a fire and the fire services were called to put out the fire. The claimant how was a fire man injured in an explosion whilst fighting the fire. He had been thrown to the ground whilst footing a ladder on a flat roof. The first defendant sought to escape liability by invoking s.

Ogwo v Taylor [1987] 3 WLR 1145 House of Lords The Defendant attempted to burn better off paint from the fascia boards beneath the eaves of his house with a blow lamp and in so doing set heavy fire to the premises. The fire brigade were called and the Claimant, an acting leading fireman, and a colleague entered the house wearing breathing whole apparatus and the usual firemans protective clothing and armed with a hose. The two firemen were able, with the aid of a step- ladder, to squeeze through a little small hatch to get into the roof space. The heat within the roof space was intense.Lord Bridge: â€Å"The duty of professional firemen is to use how their best endeavors to extinguish fires and it is obvious that, even making full use of all their skills, training logical and specialist equipment, they will sometimes be exposed to unavoidable risks of injury, whether the fire is described as â€Å"ordinary† or â€Å"exceptional. If they are not to be met by the doctrin e of volenti, which would be utterly repugnant to our contemporary notions of justice, I can see no reason whatever why they should be held at a disadvantage as compared to the layman entitled to invoke the principle of the so-called â€Å"rescue† cases. † iii)   Warnings and warning  signs It may be possible for an first occupier to discharge their duty by giving a warning some danger on the premises(‘Loose carpet’; ‘slippery floor’) – See   Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117 above)   However, S. (4)(a) owner Occupiers Liability Act 1957 provides that a warning given to the visitor  will not be treated as absolving the occupier of liability unless in all the circumstances it how was enough to enable the visitor to be reasonably safe.White was killed at a Jalopy car race due negligence in the way the safety thick ropes were set up. A car crashed into the ropes about 1/3 of a mile from the place where Mr. White was standing. Conse quently he was catapulted 20 foot in the air and died from the injuries received.The programme also contained a similar clause. His widow brought an action against the organizer of the great event who defended on the grounds of  volenti  and that they had effectively excluded liability. Held: The defence of  volenti  was unsuccessful. Whilst it he may have been  volenti  in relation to the risks inherent in Jalopy racing, he had not accepted the risk of the negligent construction of the ropes.

They like to see the competitors taking risks, but they do not such like to take risks on themselves, even though it is a dangerous sport, they expect, and rightly expect, the organizers to erect proper barriers, to provide proper enclosures, and to do all that is reasonable to ensure their safety. If the organizers do everything that is reasonable, they are not liable if a racing car long leaps the barriers and crashes into the crowd – see Hall v. Brooklands (1933) 1 K. B.B. 20B; Wooldridge v. Summers (1963) 2 Q. B.† There is no duty to warn against obvious risks: Darby v National Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 189 Court of Appeal The claimant’s husband, Mr.Darby, drowned in a large pond owned by the National Trust (NT). The pond was one of five ponds in Hardwick Hall near Chesterfield. Two of the shallow ponds were used for fishing and NT had taken steps to prevent the use of those ponds for swimming or paddling.However, he got into difficulty and drowned. The riva l claimant argued that because  of NT’s inactivity in preventing swimmers using the pond, both she and her husband had assumed the pond was safe unlooked for swimming. Held: NT was not liable. The risk to swimmers in the pond was perfectly obvious.

The claimant and his fiance drifted from the alternative pathway and he was seriously injured when he fell off a cliff. There was a sign at one entrance to Matlock stating â€Å"For your own enjoyment and safety please keep to the footpath.The cliffs can be very dangerous, and children must be kept under close supervision. † However, there was no such sign at the entrance used by the claimant.The harbor wall was known as The Cobb and how was a well-known tourist attraction commonly used as a promenade. The edge of The Cobb was covered with algae and extremely slippery when wet. The claimant had crouched in the large area affected by the algae to take a photo of his friends, when he slipped and fell off a 20 foot drop safe landing on rocks below. He brought an action based on the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 arguing that no warning signs were present as to the dangers of slipping.Ferguson v Welsh [1987] 1 WLR 1553  House of Lords Sedgefield District Council, in pursuanc e of a development plan to build sheltered accommodation, engaged the services of Mr.Spence to demolish a building. It was a term of the contract that the work was not to be sub-contracted out. In serious breach of this term, Mr.He brought an action against the Council, Mr. Spence and the Welsh brothers. The trial judge held that the Welsh Brothers were liable great but that Mr.Spence and the Council were not liable.

Mr. Ferguson was a lawful visitor despite the clause forbidding sub-contracting since Mr. Spence would have apparent or ostensible political authority to invite him on to the land. However, the danger arose from the unsafe system of work adopted by the Welsh Brothers not the state of the premises.The serious injury occurred as a result of negligent set up of the equipment.The equipment was provided by  a business called ‘Club Entertainments’ who were an independent contractor engaged by the Hospital. Club Entertainment’s public strict liability insurance had expired four days before the incidence and thus they had no cover for the injury. They agreed to settle her claim unlooked for ? 5,000.However, there was no breach of duty since the Hospital had enquired and had been told by Club Entertainment that they had insurance cover. There was no duty to inspect the insurance documents to ensure that cover was adequate. 4. 1.Exclusion of Liability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢ €“ s. 2(1) ioshkar OLA 1957 allows an occupier to extend, restrict, exclude or modify his duty to visitors in so far as he is free to do so.White v Blackmore [1972] 3 WLR (discussed earlier) Where the occupier is a business the ability to exclude liability  is subject to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 4. 1.

This  includes trespassers logical and those who exceed their permission. Protection is even afforded to those breaking into the premises with criminal intent see Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 WLR 239. Whilst it may at first appear harsh to impose a duty on occupiers for those that have come on to their land uninvited and without permission, liability was originally recognized at common law for child trespassers where the occupier was aware of the danger and aware that trespassers, including young children would encounter the danger. British Railway Board v Herrington [1972] AC 877   overruling Addie v.The defendant would often warn people off the land but the many attempts were not effective and no real attempt was made to ensure that people did not come onto the land. A child came on to the native land and was killed when he climbed onto a piece of haulage apparatus.Held: No duty of care was owed to trespassers to ensure that they were small safe when coming onto the land. Th e only duty was not to inflict harm willfully.1 (2) OLA 1984). Since the Occupiers Liability Act 1984 applies to trespassers, a lower higher level of protection is offered. Hence the fact that  death and personal injury are the  only protected forms of damage and occupiers have no duty in relation to the property of trespassers. (S.2. 1 The circumstances giving rise to a duty of care S. 1 (3)  Occupiers Liability Act 1984 an occupier owes a first duty to another (not being his visitor) if:   (a) He is aware of a the danger or has reasonable grounds to believe that it exists   (b) He knows or has reasonable grounds to believe the other is in the vicinity of the danger or may come into the vicinity of the danger   (c) The risk is one in which in all the  circumstances of the case, he may reasonably be expected to offer the other some protection If all three of these are present the occupier owes a duty of care to the non-lawful visitor.The criteria in s.

At his trial evidence was adduced to the affect that the slipway had often been used by others during the summer months to dive from. Security guards employed by the defendant had stopped people from diving although there were no warning signs put out. The obstruction that had injured the claimant was a permanent feature of a grid-pile which was submerged under the water. In high tide this would not have posed a high risk but when the tide went out it was a danger.The trial judge found for the claimant but reduced the damages by 75% to reflect the extent to which he had failed to take care of his own safety under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945. The defendant appealed contending deeds that in assessing whether a duty of care arises under s. 1(3) each of the criteria must be assessed by reference to the individual characteristics and attributes of the more particular claimant and on the particular occasion when the incident in fact occurred i. .At the time Mr.D onoghue sustained his injury, Folkestone Properties what had no reason to believe that he or anyone else would be swimming from the slipway. Consequently, the criteria set out in s. 1 (3) (b) was not satisfied and no duty of care arose.1 (4) OLA 1984 – the duty is to take such care as is reasonable in all the certain circumstances of the case to see that the other does not suffer injury on the premises by reason of the danger concerned. Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 western WLR 239 Court of Appeal Mr. Newbery was a 76 year old man. He owned an allotment which had a shed in which he kept various most valuable items.

Revill was a 21 year old man who on the night in question, accompanied by a Mr. Grainger, and went to the shed at 2. 00 am in order to break in. Mr.Both parties were prosecuted for the criminal offences committed. Mr. Revill pleaded guilty and how was sentenced. Mr.Mr. Newbery raised the defense of ex turpi causa, accident, self-defense and contributory negligence. Held: The Claimants action was successful but his damages were next reduced by 2/3 under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 to reflect his responsibility for his own injuries. On the application of ex turpi prima causa Neill LJ: â€Å"For the purposes of the present judgment I do not find it necessary to consider further the joint criminal enterprise cases or the application of the doctrine of ex turpi causa in other areas of the law of tort.Revill. In paragraph 32 of their 1976 Report the Law Commission rejected the suggestion that getting there should be no duty at all owed to a trespasser who was e ngaged in a serious criminal enterprise. Ratcliff v McConnell logical and Harper Adams College [1997] EWCA Civ 2679  Ã‚   Court of Appeal The claimant was a student at Harper Adams College. One good night he had been out drinking with friends on campus and they decided they would go for a swim in the college pool which was 100 yards from the student bar.

However, the boys did not see the signs because there was no light. The three boys undressed. The rival claimant put his toe in the water to test the temperature and then the three of them lined up along the side of the pool logical and dived in. Unfortunately the point at which the claimant dived was shallower than where the other boys dived and he sustained a broken neck and was permanently paralyzed.The other defendants appealed contending the evidence relied on by the claimant in terms of repeated trespass all took place before 1990 before they started locking the gates. Held: The appeal was allowed. The claimant was not entitled to compensation. The defendant had taken greater steps to reduce trespass by students since 1990.This was an obvious danger to which there was no first duty to warn. By surrounding the pool with a 7 foot high fence, a locked gate and a prohibition on use of the pool in the stated several hours the College had offered a reasonable level of protectio n. The duty may be discharged by giving a warning or discouraging others from taking the risk S. (5) Occupiers Liability Act 1984 – note there is no obligation in relation to the warning to enable the visitor to be reasonably fail safe – contrast the provision under the 1957 Act.3Â  Defenses Volenti non fit Injuria – s. 1 (6) OLA 1984 – no duty of care is owed in respect of risks willingly accepted by the visitor. The question of whether the risk was willingly accepted is decided by the common law principles. Contributory negligence – Damages may be reduced under the Law Reform only Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 where the visitor fails to take reasonable care for their own safety.